Modals और उनके प्रयोग
Can का प्रयोग
1. वर्तमान योग्यता या क्षमता के लिए [ be able to , know how to ]
➣ I can solve any question of this exercise .
➣ She can lift 100 Kg . weight at a time .
➣ He can repair this watch .
2. वर्तमान आज्ञा कम औपचारिक या अनौपचारिक [ be allowed to , be permitted to ] : :
➣ Can I use your pen , dear friend ?
➣ Can you guide me , brother ?
3. वर्तमान व्यावहारिक या सामान्य संभावना के लिए
➣ Anybody can make mistake .
➣ We can learn by mistakes .
➣ Can it be a murder ?
4. घबराहट या बेचैनी को प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य द्वारा प्रकट करना
➣ What can he mean ? ( puzzlement )
➣ Where can I study ? ( impatience )
5. संभावना वाले Conditional वाक्यों में
➣ If you request , he can help you .
➣ If she tries , she can achieve it .
6. भूतकाल के कार्यों के अनुमान हेतु Can + Perfect infinitive ( have + V-III )
➣ He went early so he can have caught the bus .
Can't : can के प्रयोगों का नकारात्मक रूप
➣ I can't do it . ( inability )
➣ I can't lift it . ( incapacity )
➣ You can't use it. ( not allowed ) or ( prohibition )
➣ can't we make mistake ? ' ( possibility )
➣ She can't be my sister . ( Negative deduction / assumption )
➣ He went late so he can't have caught the bus . ( Negative Past deduction / assumption )
Could का प्रयोग
1 . भूतकाल की योग्यता या क्षमता [ be able to , knew how to ]
➣ I could leam fast when I was young .
➣ She could swim when she was at school .
➣ He could type fast when he was in the job .
2 . वर्तमान या भविष्य की आज्ञा
➣ Could I use it now ?
➣ Could I use it tomorrow ?
➣ Could I smoke in here ?
3 . वर्तमान संभावना ( व्यावहारिक या वास्तविक )
➣ The road could be blocked .
➣ We could attend the meeting .
4. आकस्मिक संभावना या योग्यता - अवास्तविक स्थिति में
➣ If I had more money , I could buy a bunglow .
➣ If she won a lottery , she could live leisurely .
5 . विनम्र प्रार्थना
➣ Could you help me , please ?
6 . घबराहट या बेचैनी — वर्तमान में
➣ What could I do about it ? ( Puzzlement )
➣ What could this result in ? ( Impatience )
7 . सामान्य आज्ञा भूतकाल की
➣ They could play more on Sundays those days .
8 . संभावना — यदा - कदा
➣ He could be very rough .
➣ The sea could be stormy in summer .
9 . भूतकाल का अपूर्ण कार्य Could + Perfect infinitive expresses
➣ He could have helped her . ( but he didn't help her )
Couldn't : could के प्रयोगों का नकारात्मक रूप
➣ I couldn't learn fast when I was young . ( Inability )
➣ He couldn't type fast when he was in job . ( Incapacity )
➣ We couldn't attend the meeting . ( no possibility )
➣ They couldn't play more even on Sundays those days . ( no permission )
May का प्रयोग
1 . औपचारिक आज्ञा
➣ May I come in , Sir ?
➣ You may come in .
2 . संभावना ( अधिकांशत : तथ्याधारित )
➣ The clouds are dark so it may rain .
➣ She may obtain good marks as she is working hard .
3 . इच्छा / आशीर्वाद
➣ May you live long !
➣ May God bless you !
4 . भूतकाल के अनुमान May + Perfect infinitive
➣ She went late so she may have missed the train .
5 . संभावना वाले Conditional वाक्यों में
➣ If you try , you may reach the goal .
6 . अप्रभावी परामर्श
➣ You may go as well , if you like .
Mayn't : may के प्रयोगों का नकारात्मक रूप
➣ It may not rain tonight . ( no possibility )
➣ You may not come in . ( no permission )
➣ She went early so she may not have missed the train . ( Negative past deduction ) .
Might का प्रयोग
1 . क्षीण संभावना
➣ The last bus has gone so he might come now .
➣ There are very few clouds so it might rain .
2 . व्यावहारिक या वास्तविक संभावना
➣ What you say might be true .
➣ The road might be blocked for the VIP .
3 . आज्ञा के लिए
➣ Might I smoke in here ?
➣ Might I ask a question ?
4 . भूतकाल के अनुमान के लिए might + Perfect Infinitive
➣ She might have missed the train though she went early . ( She did not miss the train but there was possibility )
5 . आकस्मिक प्रार्थना (casual request)
➣ You might post these for me .
6 . निन्दात्मक प्रार्थना (reproachable request)
➣ You might help me . ( You should have helped me but you didn ' t help . )
7 . झुंझलाहट के लिए
➣ He might pay us . ( He should have paid but he didn ' t pay . )
8 . अप्रभावी परामर्श (unemphatic advice)
➣ You have got failed many times even if you like you may try once more .
Mightn't : might के प्रयोगों का नकारात्मक रूप
➣ The road might not be blocked . ( no possibility )
➣ She might not have missed the train . ( negative past deduction )
Shall का प्रयोग
1 . वादा , कामना , दृढ निश्चय , इरादा , हठ आदि के लिए
➣ You shall bring a watch for me . ( promise )
➣ He shall buy a car . ( willingness )
➣ She shall doit . ( determination )
➣ They shall sell this house . ( intention )
➣ He shall switch on the radio at full volume when everyone else wants to sleep . ( obstinate insistence )
2 . कानूनी , अर्द्ध - कानूनी या वाणिज्यिक क्षेत्रों में
➣ Every citizen shall have right to live . ( legal )
➣ The govt . executive directed that the company shall pay the loss . ( quasi - legal )
➣ Every customer shall buy the products at his / her on risk . ( commercial )
3 . परामर्श या प्रार्थना
➣ Shall we sit here for some time ?
4 . इच्छा जानने के लिए
➣ Shall I bring the files at your house ?
Shan't : shall के प्रयोगों का नकारात्मक रूप
➣ Promise , you shall not help him .
➣ They shall not sell this house . ( no intention )
➣ He shall not buy a car . ( no willingness )
Will का प्रयोग
1 . वादा , इच्छा , इरादा , दृढ़ निश्चय , हठ आदि के लिए
➣ I will help you . ( promise )
➣ I will buy a car . ( willingness )
➣ We will build a house . ( intention )
➣ We will work hard . ( determination )
➣ Whatever you say , I will do it . ( obstinate insistence )
2 . भविष्यवाणी के लिए
➣ India will be a world super power by 2025 .
3 . आमंत्रण या विनम्र निवेदन
➣ Will you take a cup of tea , please ?
➣ Will you help me , please ?
4 . सहमति के लिए Conditional Clause में
➣ If you will forgive me , I promise to be good .
➣ We shall be very happy , if you will come to tea .
5 . नियोजन व व्यवस्थाओं के लिए
➣ The stores will stay open till 10 pm .
6 . विनम्र निर्देश या आदेश
➣ You will reach office tomorrow sharp at 10 a.m.
7 . भावी अनुमान
➣ They will have much amusement tomorrow in the party .
8 . भूतकाल का अनुमान
➣ She will have heard the news .
Won't : will के प्रयोगों का नकारात्मक रूप
➣ Won't you have a cup of tea ? ( Invitation )
➣ She won't have heard the news . ( negative deduction )
Should का प्रयोग
1 . बाध्यता व तर्कसंगत आवश्यकता
➣ She should do as they say .
➣ She should be home by now .
2 . परामर्श
➣ You should work hard .
➣ The rich should help the poor .
3 . बहुत कम संभावित Condition बताने हेतु
➣ Should it rain today , the evening will be pleasant .
➣ Should you win a lottery , would you help me ?
4 . इच्छा प्रकट करने हेतु
➣ I did not wish that you should leave me alone .
➣ I did not like that my son should join the army .
5 . आशा प्रकट करने हेतु
➣ They should be here any moment now .
6 . उद्देश्य प्रकट करने हेतु
➣ Be careful lest you should catch infection .
➣ They killed the prisoners lest they should escape .
7 . Should + perfect infinitive to show past deduction
➣ He should have caught the bus since he started early .
Shouldn’t : Should के प्रयोगों का नकारात्मक रूप
➣ You should not help him .( Negative advice )
➣ He shouldn't have caught the bus . ( Negative deduction )
Would का प्रयोग
1. भूतकालिक आदतें
➣ We would sit on the hilltop in childhood .
➣ I would love film music in young age.
2 . विनम्र प्रार्थना ( किन्तु could से कम विनम्र )
➣ Would you please convey my message ?
➣ Would you kindly close the door ?
3 . कभी - कभी दृढ़ निश्चय प्रकट करने हेतु ( किन्तु will / shall से कम दृढ़ निश्चय )
➣ He would do it whether you like it or not .
4. इच्छा प्रकटीकरण हेतु
➣ Would that I were a bird !
5. To express a ‘hopeless wish’ with ‘if only’
➣ If only he would come !
6 . अनिश्चय बताने हेतु
➣ He would go if he were asked .
➣ She would agree if she were approached .
7 . इच्छा प्रकट करने के लिए
➣ Would you excuse me ?
8 . दबाव डालने हेतु (Insistence )
➣ It's your fault ; you would pay the penalty .
9 . संभावना
➣ That would be his mother .
10 . इच्छाशक्ति की प्रधानता हेतु
➣ I think he would rather have tea .
11. कम संभव Conditional Sentences में
➣ If he did stop him , he would smoke too much .
12 .असंभव Conditional वाक्यों में
➣ Had he worked hard , he would have passed .
Wouldn't : would के प्रयोगों का नकारात्मक रूप
➣ We would not sit on the hilltops in childhood .( no past habit )
➣ It's not your fault , you wouldn't pay penalty .( negative insistence )
➣ That wouldn't be his mother . ( no probability )
Must का प्रयोग
1 . अनिवार्यता , बाध्यता आदि प्रकट करने हेतु
➣ You must have a licence to drive a vehicle .
➣ Every employee must follow rules .
2 . तर्काधारित अनिवार्यता या अत्यधिक संभावना
➣ The lights are on , somebody must be in the room .
3 . मजबूत परामर्श
➣ You are seriously ill so you must go to a hospital .
➣ She must work hard to be in the merit list .
4 . भूतकालिक अनुमान Past deductions with must + perfect infinitive
➣ You must have got a job by that time .
➣ She went early so she must have caught the bus .
Mustn't or musn't
1 . निषेध
➣ You musn't park your vehicle here .
➣ We mustn't change the lane .
2. must के प्रयोगों का नकारात्मक रूप
➣ Lights are off so she mustn't be in the room . ( negative probability )
➣ She went late so she mustn't have caught the bus . ( negative past deduction )
Ought to का प्रयोग
1 . नैतिक कर्तव्य
➣ You ought to serve your parents .
➣ Everyone ought to obey the olders .
2 . परामर्श
➣ You ought to take some exercise .
3 . तर्काधारित अनिवार्यता या आशा
➣ They ought to be here by now .
➣ They ought to start at once .
4 . भूतकालिक अनुमान Past deduction with ought to + perfect infinitive
➣ She ought to have caught the bus .
5 . भूतकालिक अपूर्ण कार्य
➣ She ought to have conveyed it . ( but she didn't )
Oughtn't to : ought to के प्रयोगों का नकारात्मक रूप
➣ You oughtn't to eat too many breads . ( Advice in negative )
➣ She oughtn't have missed the train since she started early . ( Negative deduction )
Semi - Modals
Needn't का प्रयोग
1 . बाध्यता का अभाव या अनिवार्यता नहीं
➣ You needn't wear a sweater as the days are warm .
➣ You needn't travel by air .
2 . भूतकालिक कार्य जिसमें अनिवार्यता नहीं थी Past Action neither necessary nor obligatory - with needn't perfect infinitive
➣ You needn't have done it . ( but you did it )
Daren't का प्रयोग
1. साहस का अभाव
➣ He daren't touch me .
➣ The USA daren't attack China .
Used to का प्रयोग
1 . Past habits : भूतकालिक आदतें
➣ I used to exercise daily in young age .
➣ She used to swim one hour daily in childhood .
2 . आदी होना
➣ We are now used to work without electricity .
➣ I am now used to exercise daily .
Usedn't to : used to के प्रयोगों का नकारात्मक रूप
➣ I usedn't to exercise daily in young age .
➣ She usedn't to swim daily one hour in childhood .
Modals का प्रयोग करते समय कुछ नियमों का ध्यान रखें
1 . Modals का main verb के रूप में प्रयोग कभी नहीं किया जा सकता ; जैसे -
( a ) I will you my notes . (✖)
I will lend you my notes . (✔)
( b ) Work hard lest you should .(✖)
Work hard lest you should fail . (✔)
2 . Modal का प्रयोग अकेले नहीं होता बल्कि सदैव main verb के साथ होता है । ( Modals do not convey a meaning on their own . )
3 . Modals कभी भी subject के number , gender या person के अनुसार नहीं बदलती हैं । ( Modals do not change form with persons , gender and number . )
( a ) I can climb up a tree .
( b ) He can climb up a tree .
( c ) They can climb up a tree .
( d ) She can climb up a tree .
4 . Question tags में modals स्वतंत्र रहती हैं ; जैसे -
( a ) You should never tell a lie . should you ?
( b ) Mary can't swim , can she ?
5 . Modals के बाद हमेशा verb की first form का प्रयोग होता है । ( A modal always takes the root form of the verb . )
( a ) I can drive a car .
( b ) I could help you last year .
( c ) May you live long !
( d ) He might stand first .
6 . दो modal verbs का एक साथ प्रयोग नहीं होता है ; जैसे -
➣ He should must go now .(✖)
यहाँ should must का प्रयोग एक साथ गलत है ।
लेकिन दो modal verbs का प्रयोग एक conjunction से जोड़कर किया जा सकता है ; जैसे -
➣ He should and must go now . (✔)
7 . जब primary auxiliary तथा एक modal auxiliary का प्रयोग and से जोड़कर किया जाए तथा उनके लिए एक ही main verb का प्रयोग हो , तो आवश्यकतानुसार दोनों auxiliaries के लिए main verb के रूप को स्पष्ट कर देना चाहिए ; जैसे -
➣ He has done and will do a lot of work .(✔)
➣ Ram has and will work hard .(✖)
इस वाक्य में has के बाद worked का प्रयोग नहीं किया गया है । अतः इसका शुद्ध रूप इस प्रकार से होगा -
Ram has worked and will work hard .
8 . जब दो subjects भिन्न - भिन्न numbers के हों तथा उनके साथ दो helping verbs ‘to be’ और ‘have’ आदि का प्रयोग हो , तो दोनों subjects के लिए helping verbs का प्रयोग किया जाता है ; जैसे -
➣ Three were killed and one was injured .(✔)
➣ Two were intelligent but one dull .(✖)
इस वाक्य में one के बाद was का प्रयोग नहीं किया गया है । अत : इसका शुद्ध रूप इस प्रकार से होगा -
➣ Two were intelligent but one was dull .
So nicely explain.
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